Jacques Mandelbrojt looks at the challenges and constraints an artist faces while using one work of art to produce a corresponding one in another medium can force the artist to expand his or her creative vocabulary.

by Roger F Malina

When Nina Czegledy and Rona Kopeczky proposed to me their exhibition on Gyorgy Kepes and my father Frank Malina, I was immediately interested. It seemed a natural coupling of two men of the same era, eastern European backgrounds, both were survivors of the same world war and with over-lapping passions. Both were deeply immersed in both artistic and scientific cultures, living examples of individuals who bridged  the two cultures that C.P. Snow had been discussing since the 1950s (1).

I first met Gyorgy Kepes in 1968 when I arrived as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Kepes had recently founded the Centre for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT, dedicated to promoting the work of artists in scientific and technological culture, within one of the most prestigious science and engineering universities in the world. My father had just founded the Leonardo Journal at the scientific publisher Pergamon Press, a journal (2) dedicated to promoting the work of artists in the deeper context of a techno-scientific world. Both had been making art that appropriated scientific landscapes as integral parts of the natural world that was the raw material of art making.

M.I,T,, and America, were a complicated places in 1968, and the relationship of techno-culture to human values not a simple one. The paroxysm caused by the Vietnam War was very much in evidence at M.I.T, one of the hearts of American military-industrial complex. The student union was occupied to protect a draft evader.  Judith Malina and her Living Theater performed as did the rock band the Grateful Dead. Kepes’ C.A.V.S was very much part of an alternative way of coupling science and the arts at M.I.T, a progeny of the Bauhaus tradition and its own infliential example in German society of the 1920s.

My father had worked for the U.S. Military during the war; he headed the team that built the U.S’s first successful high altitude rocket, the W.A.C. Corporal (3), co founded NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Aerojet General, a major aerospace company that contributed to success of the Apollo Program. At M.I,T my father introduced me to his friend and colleague Stark Draper. Draper has developed the principle of inertial guidance during the war, and founded the Draper Labs at MIT, one of the major labs that the U.S. military funded for basic and applied research.

One day I found myself demonstrating against the Vietnam War on Massachusetts Avenue outside the Draper Labs. On the roof of the building I could see Stark Draper in his French beret, surrounded by guards, looking down at the crowd of gesticulating students. That same year there  were a parties at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies where physicist Philip Morrison and psychologist Jerome Lettvin mingled with the artists at C.A.V.S. The relationship between art, science and technology was indeed a complicated one at  M.I.T that co-mingled ideas of a search for a new synthetic culture while wrestling with strategic role of  techno-science in the balance of terror.

I recently obtained by father’s U.S.A. F.B.I. files (4) with thirty years of interviews with informants as J.Edgar Hoover sought to convict my father of being a member of the communist party. My father had left the U.S in 1947 to help set up U.N.E.S.C.O as his own contribution to establishing new conditions for world peace. He had resigned his job at UNESCO and lost his U.S. passport because of the F.B.I pursuit. In the F.B.I. files an informant, an informant accuses my father of delaying the winning of the war, by insisting on carrying out too many theoretical calculations before testing their experimental rocket engines. This struggle between theory and praxis was deeply embedded in my father’s scientific and artistic practice; he was surely never a communist.

My father’s Ph.D advisory at the Caltech Institute of Technology had been Thedore Von Karman, a Hungarian émigré, and one of the world’s preeminent applied mathematicians. The ‘Karman Vortex” (5) in turbulence theory is named in recognition of his mastering of the theory of fluid instabilities whose understanding is fundamental in both aeronautics and astronautics. Von Karman has instilled in Frank Malina the deep belief that one needed to deploy advanced mathematics as a tool not only in science and also in engineering.

In another context, physicist Eugene Wigner had called this “the mysterious effectiveness of mathematics” (6). As my father began his art career in the 1950’s he brought this perspective to art making, believing that a theory of art must underlie an artist’s exploration of artistic expression. He was amazed that most artists thought that the theory of art and aesthetics was irrelevant to their work. This attitude led my father to contact Ernest Gombrich, Rudolph Arnheim, J.J. Gibson, but also fractals mathematician Benoit Mandelbrojt and the graph theorist Frank Harary. Fabrice Lapelletrie (7) has documented my father’s continuing seach for the theoretical, and scientific, framework, to contextualize his own art making.

My father’s relationship between theory and praxis in art, in science and in engineering were of one cloth. He wanted theory to guide his understanding of himself and his creativity, and enable his inventions. He started an aerospace company, Aerojet general to commercialise his engineering invention. He started the Electro Lumidyne Company (E.L.I.) to commercialise his inventions in kinetic art which he had also patented, just has he had done in rocketry. His art and his science were both ways for him to appropriate the world around him, to “be” in it and to understand it but also to allow him to contribute to human welfare.

His interest in rocketry was born from the cultural imaginary that he developed reading Jules Verne in the high school back in the Czech republic, where his parents had returned to between the world wars. His interest in art making was all about bringing science and technology into the home environment; he talked of a kinetic art form that was as deeply ingrained in human psychology with the same sense of intimacy of a fire in a hearth that created sense of home, safety and fascination. The Bauhaus influence was deeply ingrained in his own ways of bridging scientific and artistic world views, and of appropriating industrial and engineering processes into the making of fine and applied arts. As he struggled to exhibit his kinetic art in Paris galleries and museums, I remember my father joking that there was more technology in his kitchen that in the best museum in Paris. It is still true today.

In closing, I think that this exhibition which couples Gyorgy Kepes and Frank Malina, makes visible an important thread of intellectual history that cross couples the arts, sciences and engineering of the twentieth century. It highlights the importance of the Bauhaus ideas of coupling art and industrial society, the interesting confluence of scientists and artist with eastern Europeans roots, and the political history of a turbulence times when theory and praxis were sometimes strange bedfellows.

References and Notes

(1) C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures and a Second Look: An Expanded Version of the Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution , Cambridge University Press 1969.

(2) Leonardo Journal, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.

(3) Zibit, Ben. The Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory at Caltech and the Creation of the Modern Rocket Motor. UMI Dissertation Services, a Bell and Howell Company, 1999.

(4) http://malina.diatrope.com/frank-malina/frank-malina-fbi-files/

(5) The Wind and Beyond – Theodore von Kármán Pioneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space, Little Brown, 1967 (with L. Edson). ;( one of my father’s art works is an artists representation of the Karman Vortex Street.

(6) “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,” in Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I (February 1960). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 1960 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

(7) F. Lapelletrie, Ph.D.Thesis, Paris 2010.

(8) I.Hargittai, The Martians of Science: Five Physicists Who Changed the Twentieth Century, Oxford Univ Press,  2006.

1.
Title: Open Call to the Leonardo Community
Author(s): Roger F. Malina; Mark Resch; Annick Bureaud; Nic Collins; Nisar Keshvani; Michael Punt; Joel Slayton; Lynn Hershman
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1577269

2.
Title: The Stone Age of the Digital Arts
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 35, No. 5, Tenth Anniversary New York Digital Salon (2002), pp. 463-465
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1577252

3.
Title: Editorial: The New Leonardos
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2001), pp. 293-294
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1577149
4.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Inventing Experience: Experiments in New Media at Interval Research
Reviewed Authors(s): Inventing Experience: Experiments in New Media at Interval Research
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2000), pp. 155-156
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576868

5.
Title: Open Letter to Our Readers: Letter from “Leonardo’s” Executive Editor
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2000), pp. 317-319
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576907
6.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Transarchitectures: Visions of Digital Communities
Reviewed Authors(s): Transarchitectures: Visions of Digital Communities
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 32, No. 1 (1999), pp. 65-66
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576634

7.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective
Reviewed Authors(s): Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1999), pp. 237-238
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576809

8.
Title: Introduction: The Aesthetic Status of Technological Art
Author(s): Jacques Mandelbrojt; Marcel Fremiot; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1999), pp. 211-215
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576793
9.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Les Particules Elementaires
Reviewed Authors(s): Michel Houellebecq
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1999), pp. 147-148
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576706

10.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Essays on the Anthropology of Reason
Reviewed Authors(s): Paul Rabinow
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1998), pp. 76-77
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576556

11.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Islamic Arts
Reviewed Authors(s): Jonathan Bloom; Sheila Blair
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1998), p. 76
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576555

12.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Organically Grown
Reviewed Authors(s): Organically Grown
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 31, No. 2 (1998), p. 156
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576531

13.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Luis Vuitton Möet Hennessy “Science for Art” Prize
Reviewed Authors(s): Luis Vuitton Möet Hennessy “Science for Art” Prize
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 30, No. 1 (1997), pp. 74-75
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576390

14.
Title: Editorial: “Leonardo”: Our Fourth Decade
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 30, No. 1 (1997), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576367
15.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity
Reviewed Authors(s): Stuart Kauffman
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 4 (1996), pp. 333-334
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576330

16.
Title: Summary: The Need for Cooperation among Disciplines: Artists, Presenters, Producers and Distributors
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 4 (1996), pp. 322-323
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576322
17.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science
Reviewed Authors(s): Paul Horwich
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 1 (1996), p. 78
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576289

18.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity
Reviewed Authors(s): John H. Holland
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1996), pp. 235-236
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576256

19.
Title: Moist Realities: The Arts and the New Biologies
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 29, No. 5, Fourth Annual New York Digital Salon (1996), pp. 351-353
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576399
Abstract: THE JOURNAL “LEONARDO” IS CELEBRATING ITS THIRTIETH YEAR of publication. “Leonardo” has highlighted the work of artists involved with computers and, more recently, with space exploration. The author argues that in the coming years artists’ involvement with the new biological technologies and genetic engineering will continue to increase, broadening our understanding of the intersection of arts and sciences.
20.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): John Chalmers; Gyorgy Darvas; Denes Nagy; Donald House; Roger F. Malina; Estudio Millé; Irina L. Vanechkina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1995), pp. 81-84
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576126
21.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Cahiers art et science
Reviewed Authors(s): Allain Glykos
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), p. 77
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576169

22.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Art/Cognition, Pratiques artistiques et sciences cognitives
Reviewed Authors(s): Marc Partouche
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), p. 74
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576164

23.
Title: Editorial: The Fourth World: The Promises and Dangers of the World Wide Web
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576145

24.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): Roy Ascott; Timothy Binkley; Robert A. Brown; Ronald R. Brown; Bulat M. Galeyev; Roger F. Malina; Alex Nicoloff; Martha Nicoloff; Wolfgang Schneider; Christa Sütterlin
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1994), pp. 3-11
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575936

25.
Title: Editorial: Shared Tools: Ways of Doing, Ways of Seeing, Ways of Knowing
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1994), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575935
26.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Unispace
Reviewed Authors(s): Living Visions Ensemble; Roger Davidson
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 27, No. 4 (1994), p. 364
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576024

27.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): To Infinity and beyond: A Cultural History of the Infinite
Reviewed Authors(s): Eli Maor
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 27, No. 4 (1994), pp. 360-361
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1576018

28.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Blueprint for Space: Science-Fiction to Science Fact
Reviewed Authors(s): Frederick I. Ordway III; Randy Lieberman
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1993), p. 266
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575834

29.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): David Ray; Annick Bureaud; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1993), pp. 185-191
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575808

30.
Title: Editorials: A “Leonardo” Celebration
Author(s): Roger F. Malina; Harry Rand; Roy Ascott; Yusuf A. Grillo; George A. Agoston; Richard I. Land; Sonia Landy Sheridan; Herbert W. Franke; Giorgio Careri; Anthony Hill; Elmer H. Duncan
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1993), pp. 175-183
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575807

31.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): Roger F. Malina; Goffredo Haus; Anthony Hill
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 26, No. 4 (1993), pp. 277-281
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575912
32.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Object of Performance: The American Avant Garde Since 1970 | Feminism and Traditional Aesthetics, Special Issue of the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 48, No. 4 (Fall 1990)
Reviewed Authors(s): Henry M. Sayre | Peg Brand; Carolyn Korsmeyer
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1992), pp. 103-104
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575642

33.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): Denise E. M. Penrose; William C. Castell; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1992), pp. 3-10
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575611

34.
Title: Editorial: The Cultural Dimension of Space Exploration
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1992), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575610
35.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Missing Reel: The Untold Story of the Lost Inventor of Moving Pictures
Reviewed Authors(s): Christopher Lawrence
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1992), p. 225
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575730

36.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Les Technologies de l’intelligence: L’avenir de la pensee a l’ere informatique (The Technologies of Intelligence: The Future of Thought in the Computer Age)
Reviewed Authors(s): Pierre Levy
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1992), pp. 224-225
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575728

37.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Deus Ex Machina
Reviewed Authors(s): D. Lowe; P. Schutze; M. Trudgeon
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1991), pp. 362-363
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575586

38.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): Junji Tsuchimoto; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1991), p. 263
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575563
39.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Book of Dust (The Beginning and the End of Time Thereafter)
Reviewed Authors(s): Agnes Denes
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), p. 494
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575551

40.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Motion Motion Kinetic Art
Reviewed Authors(s): Jim Jenkins; Dave Quick
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), p. 493
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575547

41.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Wonderland of Science Art: Invitation to Interactive Art
Reviewed Authors(s): Itsuo Sakane
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), pp. 491-492
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575545

42.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Women, Art and Society
Reviewed Authors(s): Whitney Chadwick
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), p. 491
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575544

43.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Pulse 2: Report on a Phenomenon
Reviewed Authors(s): Phyllis Plout
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), p. 490
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575542

44.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): William C. Castell; Mark Rais; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1991), pp. 375-381
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575511
45.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Cuckoo’s Egg: Tracking a Spy through a Maze of Computer Espionage
Reviewed Authors(s): Clifford Stoll
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 2, Connectivity: Art and Interactive Telecommunications (1991), p. 249
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575326

46.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Postmodern Currents: Art and the Artists in the Age of Electronic Media
Reviewed Authors(s): Margot Lovejoy
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 2, Connectivity: Art and Interactive Telecommunications (1991), pp. 247-248
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575324

47.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Matrix: An Atlas of World Telecommunications
Reviewed Authors(s): John S. Quarterman
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 2, Connectivity: Art and Interactive Telecommunications (1991), p. 247
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575321

48.
Title: Fineart Forum and F.A.S.T.: Experiments in Electronic Publishing in the Arts
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 2, Connectivity: Art and Interactive Telecommunications (1991), pp. 228-230
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575307
49.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Symmetry and Tesselations | Labyrinths
Reviewed Authors(s): M. Emmer | M. Emmer
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1991), p. 100
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575501

50.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Toward an Aesthetic Criticism of Technology
Reviewed Authors(s): Wolhee Choe
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1991), pp. 95-96
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575494

51.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Computers, Pattern, Chaos and Beauty: Graphics from an Unseen World
Reviewed Authors(s): Clifford A. Pickover
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1991), pp. 93-94
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575492

52.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): Randall A. Stickrod; Roger F. Malina; Denise E. M. Penrose
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1991), pp. 3-5
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575460
53.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Music Animation Machine Demonstration Reel
Reviewed Authors(s): Stephen Malinowski
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), p. 632
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575689

54.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Aaron’s Code: Meta-Art, Artificial Intelligence and the Work of Harold Cohen
Reviewed Authors(s): Pamela McCorduck; Harold Cohen
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), pp. 628-629
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575680

55.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): NASA Visions of Space: Capturing the History of NASA
Reviewed Authors(s): Robin Kerron
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), p. 628
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575679

56.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): A Delicate Balance: Technics, Culture and Consequence
Reviewed Authors(s): IEEE Society for the Social Implications of Technology
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), pp. 627-628
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575677

57.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space
Reviewed Authors(s): Craig Adcock
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), p. 627
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575676

58.
Title: Gateway
Author(s): William C. Castell; Bulat M. Galeyev; Roger F. Malina; Christian Schiess
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 24, No. 5 (1991), pp. 505-510
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575650

59.
Title: Editorial: The “Leonardo Music Journal” and “Leonardo” Compact Disc Series
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo Music Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1991), p. 3
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1513112

60.
Title: Digital Image: Digital Cinema: The Work of Art in the Age of Post-Mechanical Reproduction
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo. Supplemental Issue, Vol. 3, Digital Image, Digital Cinema: SIGGRAPH ’90 Art Show Catalog (1990), pp. 33-38
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1557892
Abstract: Computers are transforming existing art forms and allowing new kinds of art forms to be developed. Because the computer is primarily a machine for processing information, not a machine for making objects, it provides a malleable medium that provides the artist with a large variety of tools for manipulating sense data. The work that contains the result of the artist’s creativity is the software and the data, not any particular image or output produced using that software. The ultimate goal of artmaking using computers, in this light, is not to create art objects but to create dynamic art subjects, to produce families of aesthetically interesting outputs, or art performances, which are as different from each other as possible within the constraints of the software. This situates computer art within the larger context of the study and development of artificial life. To create significant artworks of this type, it will be necessary to improve the computer’s capacity to!
be an autonomous artmaking subject; this will require the extension of the computer’s senses, the expansion of its capabilities, and means for the computer to provide sensory inputs to the human nervous system and to other computers.
61.
Title: Albert Friscia: Kinetic Artist, 22 July 1911-2 October 1989
Author(s): Roger Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), p. 162
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578515
62.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Is the Body Obsolete?
Reviewed Authors(s): Kevin Kelley
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), p. 148
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578490

63.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Windows on Creativity and Invention
Reviewed Authors(s): Jacques Richardson
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), pp. 146-147
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578488

64.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Art, Science and Technology
Reviewed Authors(s): Peter Hill
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), p. 146
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578487

65.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Vers une Culture de L’Interactivité
Reviewed Authors(s): C. Faure; A. Bacchetti
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), pp. 145-146
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578486

66.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Beauty and the Brain: Biological Aspects of Aesthetics
Reviewed Authors(s): Ed Ingo Rentschler; Barbara Herzburger; David Epstein
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), p. 144
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578483

67.
Title: Editorial: Sounds, Musics and “Leonardo”
Author(s): Larry Polansky; Roger F. Malina; Elliot Mazer
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1990), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578457

68.
Title: Note from the Executive Editor of “Leonardo”
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1990), p. 465
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575377
69.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Symmetry 2; Unifying Human Understanding
Reviewed Authors(s): Istvan Hargittai
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 2/3, New Foundations: Classroom Lessons in Art/Science/Technology for the 1990s (1990), p. 329
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578640

70.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Computer Revolution and the Arts
Reviewed Authors(s): Richard L. Loveless
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 23, No. 2/3, New Foundations: Classroom Lessons in Art/Science/Technology for the 1990s (1990), pp. 326-327
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578636

71.
Title: Computer Art in the Context of the Journal “Leonardo”
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo. Supplemental Issue, Vol. 2, Computer Art in Context: SIGGRAPH ’89 Art Show Catalog (1989), pp. 67-70
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1557948
72.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Artlink, Special Art and Technology Section, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1989

Source: Leonardo, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Holography as an Art Medium: Special Double Issue (1989), p. 446
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575434

73.
Title: From the ISAST Office: Millennium III: An Invitation to Propose a Monument for A.D. 2001
Author(s): Anthony R. Michaelis; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1989), pp. 287-288
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575273

74.
Title: The Role of the Artist in Space Exploration: A Reply to David L. Crawford
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1989), p. 286
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1575272
75.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Artlink, Special Issue “Art and Technology”
Reviewed Authors(s): Artlink, Special Issue “Art and Technology”
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1988), pp. 211-212
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578566

76.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the National Computer Graphics Association, 1988
Reviewed Authors(s): Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the National Computer Graphics Association, 1988
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1988), p. 462
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578719

77.
Title: From the ISAST Office: Millennium III: An Invitation to Propose a Monument for A.D. 2001
Author(s): Anthony R. Michaelis; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1988), pp. 229-230
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578646

78.
Title: Editorial: Visual Art, Sound, Music and Technology
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 20, No. 2, Special Issue: Visual Art, Sound, Music and Technology (1987), pp. 103-105
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578323
79.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Foundation Grants to Individuals
Reviewed Authors(s): Loren Renz
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1987), pp. 293-294
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578190

80.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): M.C. Escher: Art and Science
Reviewed Authors(s): H. S. M. Coxeter
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1987), p. 291
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578186

81.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Artists Talk about Technology; Interfaces: Artists/Techniques
Reviewed Authors(s): Elizabeth Chitty
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1987), p. 289
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578182

82.
Title: Editorial
Author(s): Pamela Grant-Ryan; Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1987), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578202

83.
Title: “Leonardo”: Smorgasbord, Collage or Synthesis?: Editorial
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1986), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578293
84.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Directory of Artists’ Organisations
Reviewed Authors(s): Robin L. Drummond; Philip Blair, Jnr.
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1986), p. 349
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1578387

85.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidian Geometry in Modern Art
Reviewed Authors(s): Linda Dalrymple Henderson
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1984), p. 60
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574881

86.
Title: Editorial: International Aspects of “Leonardo”
Author(s): Makepeace Tsao; Roger F. Malina; Bryan Rogers
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1984), pp. 1-2
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574847

87.
Title: Obituary: Albert Garrett
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Autumn, 1983), p. 333
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574982
88.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): Common Denominators in Art and Science
Reviewed Authors(s): M. Pollock
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Autumn, 1983), p. 327
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574969

89.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): This Amazing, Amazing, Amazing but Knowable Universe | Cosmos, Earth and Man: A Short History of the Universe
Reviewed Authors(s): V. S. Gott; J. Bushnell; K. Bushnell | Preston Cloud
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter, 1981), p. 64
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574489

90.
Title: Review: [untitled]
Author(s): Roger F. Malina
Reviewed Title(s): The Structure of the Universe
Reviewed Authors(s): Jayant Narlikar
Source: Leonardo, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring, 1978), pp. 153-154
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1574021